In some cases, an LFP-equipped EV with a 100 per cent charging suggestion could have a similar usable driving range as an NMC or NCA vehicle limited by a 80 or 90 per cent cap.īattery manufacturers such as Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. But, MG suggests an 80 per cent cap – so it varies by manufacturer. It's worth noting that Tesla recommends 100 per cent charging regularly on LFP-equipped models in order to properly calibrate the pack to show an accurate battery percentage indicator, which warrants the degradation hit due to the longer LFP life cycle. LFP packs are capable of more than 3000 full recharge cycle counts compared to NMC at around 1000 to 2000 cycles. It's also more robust and less susceptible to thermal runaway compared to NMC.Ī key advantage of LFP is its longer life cycle, resulting in less degradation concerns. Unlike NMC and NCA, LFP batteries don’t contain nickel, cobalt and magnesium, resulting in cheaper manufacturing costs. It's already being used by the MG ZS EV and BYD Atto 3 crossover SUVs, base variants of the Tesla Model 3 sedan, Model Y SUV, and GWM Ora small hatchback. Lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) is emerging as a lower cost, more sustainable battery type – crucially mooted as the battery to lower the upfront price tag barrier for smaller and entry-level EVs. Still uses expensive and unsustainable lithium.Lower energy density (less driving range).Longer life cycle, less thermal runaway risk.Full charging should only be occasional when needed during long road trips, for example.įor specific charging recommendations from each manufacturer, check out our electric car model database. Some other automakers such as Polestar recommend a 90 per cent limit. NMC batteries are beneficial because of its higher energy density (more driving range) and is less sensitive to low temperatures, meaning it can charge faster in cold climates.īut, the use of cobalt and nickel are environmentally unsustainable, have been attributed to unsustainable and unethical mining practices in developing countries, and are expensive – making NMC packs pricier than LFP per energy unit.Ĭar manufacturers typically recommend owners to only charge NMC batteries up to 80 per cent to avoid long-term degradation effects. Nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) batteries are the most common form found in EVs today, ranging from the Nissan Leaf to Mercedes-Benz EQS.Īs the name suggests, the cathode end of the battery is typically composed of 33 per cent of each nickel, manganese and cobalt. Uses environmentally unsustainable raw materials.Shorter cycle life than LFP, higher thermal runaway risk.More expensive, primarily due to lithium and cobalt.Faster charging performance in cold climates.Higher energy density (more driving range).High-voltage batteries make up a significant portion of EV manufacturing costs due to the laborious extraction of the raw materials required, resulting in higher upfront costs compared to petrol equivalents.Īccording to Citi Global Perspectives and Solutions, batteries comprise about one-third of total manufacturing costs (chart below)– but this proportion increases with larger battery sizes. We are seeing increasing diversification of battery chemistries across electric car models, with different chemistries being used based on price, driving range and performance needs. Differences in electric car batteries range from cell types to chemistries, with the latter having the most relevance in everyday use. Not all electric vehicle (EV) batteries are created equally. LFP: cheaper, more sustainable, safer and longer life cycle, but heavier and less range.NMC/NCA: better energy density and cold weather performance, but more expensive.Different battery chemistries have their pros and cons.
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